The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued the revised guidelines for Merchanting Trade Transactions (MTT).
The Following are the changes:
I. For a trade to be classified as merchanting trade, goods acquired shall not enter the Domestic Tariff Area.
II. Considering that in some cases, the goods acquired may require certain specific processing/ value-addition, the state of goods so acquired may be allowed transformation subject to the AD bank being satisfied with the documentary evidence and bonafide of the transaction.
III. The MTT shall be undertaken for the goods that are permitted for exports/imports under the prevailing Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) of India as on the date of shipment. All rules, regulations, and directions applicable to exports (except Export Declaration Form) and imports (except Bill of Entry) shall be complied with for the export leg and import leg respectively.
IV. AD bank shall satisfy itself with the bonafide of the transactions. Further, KYC and AML guidelines shall be scrupulously adhered to by the AD bank while handling such transactions.
V. The entire merchanting trade is to be routed through the same AD bank. The AD bank shall verify the documents like invoice, packing list, transport documents and insurance documents (if originals are not available, Non-negotiable copies duly authenticated by the bank handling documents may be taken) and satisfy itself about the genuineness of the trade. The AD bank may, if satisfied, rely on online verification of the Bill of Lading/ Airway Bill on the website of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) or Airline web check facilities. However, the AD bank shall ensure that the requisite details are made available /retrievable at the time of Inspection/Audit/investigation of the transactions.
VI. The entire MTT shall be completed within an overall period of nine months and there shall not be any outlay of foreign exchange beyond four months. The commencement date of merchanting trade shall be the date of shipment/export leg receipt or import leg payment, whichever is first. The completion date shall be the date of shipment/export leg receipt or import leg payment, whichever is the last.
VII. Short-term credit either by way of suppliers’ credit or buyers’ credit may be extended for MTT to the extent not backed by an advance remittance for the export leg, including the discounting of export leg LC by the AD bank, as in the case of import transactions. However, Letter of Undertaking (Lou)/ Letter of Comfort (LoC) shall not be issued for supplier’s/ buyer’s credit.
VIII. Any receipts for the export leg, prior to the payment for import leg, maybe parked either in Exchange Earners Foreign Currency (EEFC) account or in an interest-bearing INR account till the import leg liability arises. It shall be strictly earmarked/ lien-marked for the payment of import leg and the liability of the import leg, as soon as it arises, shall be extinguished out of these funds without any delay. If such receipts are kept in interest-bearing INR account, hedging thereof may be allowed by the AD bank at the request of its customer, as per extant regulations. No fund/non-fund-based facilities shall be extended against these balances.
IX. In case of discounting of export leg LC where payment for import leg is still to be made (even if partially), the proceeds shall be utilized in the manner prescribed at point no. 2 (viii) above.
X. Payment for import leg may also be allowed to be made out of the balances in the EEFC account of the merchant trader.
XI. Merchanting Traders may be allowed to make advance payment for the import leg on demand made by the overseas supplier. In the case where inward remittance from the overseas buyer is not received before the outward remittance to the overseas supplier, AD bank may handle such transactions based on its commercial judgment. It may, however, be ensured that any such advance payment for an import leg beyond USD 500,000/- per transaction, shall be made against Bank Guarantee / an unconditional, irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit from an international bank of repute. Overall prudential limits on allowing such advance payments by a customer may be fixed by the AD bank.
XII. Letter of Credit to the supplier for the import leg is permitted against confirmed export order, keeping in view the foreign exchange outlay of four months and completion of the MTT within nine months and subject to compliance with the instructions issued by Department of Banking Regulation on “Guarantees and Co-acceptances”, as amended from time to time.
XIII. AD bank shall ensure one-to-one matching in case of each MTT and report defaults in any leg by the traders to the concerned Regional Office of the Reserve Bank, on a half-yearly basis in the format as annexed, within 15 days from the close of each half-year, i.e. June and December;
XIV. Merchant traders with outstanding of 5% or more of their annual export earnings shall be liable for caution listing.
The merchanting traders shall be genuine traders of goods and not mere financial intermediaries. Confirmed orders must be received by them from the overseas buyers. AD banks shall satisfy themselves about the capabilities of the merchanting trader to perform the obligations under the order. The merchanting trade shall result in profit which shall be determined by subtracting import payments and related expenses from export proceeds for the specific MTT.
Write-off of the unrealized amount of export leg:
i. AD bank may write-off the unrealized amount of export leg, without any ceiling, on the request made by the Merchanting trader, in the following circumstances:
a. The MTT buyer has been declared insolvent and a certificate from the official liquidator specifying that there is no possibility of recovery of export proceeds has been produced.
b. The goods exported have been auctioned or destroyed by the Port / Customs / Health authorities in the importing country and a certificate to that effect has been produced.
c. The unrealized amount of the export leg represents the balance due in a case settled through the intervention of the Indian Embassy, Foreign Chamber of Commerce or similar organization;
provided, the MTT is in adherence to all other provisions except the delays in timelines (either for outlay or completion period of MTT or both) attributed to reasons mentioned at a, b and c above.
ii. In addition to above, write-off as at (i) shall be subject to the following conditions:
a.AD bank shall satisfy itself with the bonafide of the transactions and ensure that there are no KYC/AML concerns.
b.The transaction shall not be under investigation under FEMA by any of the investigating agency/ies.
c. The counterparty to the merchant trader is not from a country or jurisdiction in the updated FATF Public Statement on High Risk & Non-Co-operative Jurisdictions on which FATF has called for countermeasures.
Third-party payments for export and import legs of the merchanting Trade Transactions are not allowed.
Agency commission is not allowed in MTTs. However, AD banks may allow payment of agency commission up to a reasonable extent by way of outward remittance under exceptional circumstances, subject to the following conditions:
MTT has been completed in all respects.
The payment of agency commission shall not result in the Merchanting Trade Transactions ending into a loss.
The Merchanting trader shall make a specific request to the AD bank in this regard.
AD bank may approach Regional Office (RO) concerned of the Reserve Bank for regularization of the Merchanting Trade Transactions for deviation, if any, from the prescribed guidelines and the MTT shall be closed only after receiving approval from the RO concerned of the Reserve Bank.
Reporting for merchanting trade transactions under FETERS shall be done on a gross basis, against the undermentioned codes:
| Trade | Purpose Code under FETERS | Description |
| Export | P0108 | Goods sold under merchanting /receipt against the export leg of merchanting trade |
| Import | S0108 | Goods acquired under merchanting /payment against import leg of merchanting trade |
AD banks shall bring the contents of this circular to the notice of their constituents concerned for strict compliance.
The directions contained in this circular have been issued under sections 10(4) and 11(1) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 (42 of 1999) and are without prejudice to permissions/approvals, if any, required under any other law.
